olina, and became active in his state’s dangerous politics, killingrnone man and wounding another in duels. He went bankruptrnand moved to Texas, but his fellow Texans sent him back east tornWashington as a senator, where he worked to reopen the slaverntrade and to derail any compromises that might prevent secessionrn(which he ardently desired). He became a Confederaternhero by rowing to the besieged Fort Sumter and, without authorization,rnpersonally demanding its surrender. He served thernConfederacy first as an undistinguished general, then as an obstreperousrnsenator, toward the end declaring that he would preferrnto see the Confederacy defeated rather than arm slaves forrnits service.rnArchibald Grimke was the nephew of the South Carolinarnabolitionist sisters Sarah and Angelina Grimke, the son of theirrnbrother Henry, a Chadeston lawyer, and his slave Nancy Westonrn(by whom he had two other children). According tornArchibald, his father left Nancy and her sons to his legitimaternson Montague, saying they should be “treated as members ofrnthe family.” Montague turned Nancy out to support herselfrn(not easy, as she was crippled in one arm), but when he married,rnhe took back her children (his half-brothers, in case you’vernlost track) to be his servants, and had their mother jailed whenrnshe protested. After the war patrons sent the boys to LincolnrnUniversity. In 1868 Aunt Angelina, living in Boston, saw a mentionrnof Archibald in an antislavery paper and got in touch, establishingrna close family relationship. Archibald became arnBoston lawyer, editor of the Hub, a Negro journal, and a prolificrnauthor. In 1894 he became U.S. Consul General to SantornDomingo. He was vice-president of the NAACP and longtimernpresident of the American Negro Academy.rnCarry Nation was converted at age ten at a Kentucky camprnmeeting. Mysticism and bad luck (and possibly a touch ofrninsanity inherited from her mother’s family) governed herrndecisions thenceforth. She married an alcoholic Mason, so shernhated both alcohol and fraternal orders. She left him, andrnwhen he died six months later, she taught school to supportrnherself, her insane child, and her mother-in-law. In 1877 sherncontracted another unhappy marriage, to David Nation, andrnthey ended up in Kansas, where Carry became a WCTUrnactivist. She decided (helped by visions) that saloons, beingrnillegal, could simply be destroyed, so she took her trusty hatchetrnand went to work. After more than 30 arrests, she hired arnmanager, went on lecture tours (biting the hand that fed her,rnshe denounced Harvard and Yale as “hellholes”), and soldrnsouvenir hatchets (anticipating Lester Maddox). Her husbandrndivorced her for desertion.rnRichard Halliburton grew up in Memphis and went tornLawrenceville and Princeton. Crushed that World War I endedrnbefore he could get into it, he sailed on a freighter and wanderedrnaround Europe before returning to college, where he setdedrnin and edited the Daily Princetonian. After that lull he wasrnoff again, climbing mountains (the Matterhorn, and Fujiyamarnin winter—a first), having risky encounters with the law inrnGibraltar and Chinese pirates in the East—ideal material forrnhis first book. The Royal Road to Romance, a best-seller translatedrninto nine languages. He became the highest paid lecturerrnof his day and wrote many articles and travel books, perhapsrnthe most important being his two books for children. Marvels ofrnthe Orient and Marvels of the Occident. He disappeared sailingrna Chinese junk from Hong Kong to San Francisco. Criticizedrnfor his superficial approach to other cultures, he said, “When Irnstop bubbling it begins to creak.”rnDorothy Dix (Elizabeth Gilmer, 186I-I951) wastheworid’srnhighest paid woman writer in the 1920’s. She wrote the first advice-rnto-women column in America (“Dorothv Dix Speaks”) forrnthe New Orieans Daily Picayune beginning in 1895. In syndicationrnshe offered as many as 60 million readers her ideas aboutrnwomen; “From time immemorial it has been the custom ofrnwoman to sacrifice herself whenever she got a chance. . . . Onrnthe platform of pure and unadulterated unselfishness she hasrntaken a stand, and defied competition, and now when she wishesrnto climb down and off, and give other people a chance tornpractice the virtue they admire so much, she is cruelly misjudgedrnand assailed.”rnRalph Peer sold phonographs as a boy in his father’s KansasrnCitv store before taking a job with Columbia Records, the firstrnof several recording companies he would work for. His work onrnMamie Smith’s 1920 “Crazv Blues,” an enormous hit withrnblack audiences, persuaded him that he could appeal to otherrnspecialized markets by recording “on location.” In 1923 in Atlantarnhe recorded Fiddlin’ John Carson’s “Little Old Log Cabinrnin the Lane.” Even Peer thought Carson’s singing was “pluperfectrnawful,” but the record’s great success set off a recordingrnboom in “hill-billy” music, which Variety characterized as thern”sing-song nasal-twanging vocalizing” of Southern mountaineersrnwith “the intelligence of morons.” But there was goldrnin them there hills, and Peer struck it again in 1927 in Bristol,rnTennessee. A call for singers of “prewar melodies and oldrnmountaineer songs” produced a recording session that includedrnboth the Carter Family and Jimmie Rodgers. Peer went onrnto become a major music publisher, as well as a renowned expertrnon camellias.rnEphraim E. Lisitzky was a major figure in the revival ofrnmodern Hebrew. Born in 1885 in Minsk, he came to the UnitedrnStates as a teenager and eventually settled in New Orieans inrn1918, where he became principal of the city’s excellent HebrewrnSchool. He was a prolific poet, whose best work includesrnMedurot Do’akhot (“Dying Campfires,” 1937), an epic in thernstyle and meter of “Hiawatha” based on American Indian legends,rnand Be-Oholei Kush (“In the Tents of Gush,” 1953),rnbased on Negro folktales, spirituals, and sermons. Lisitzky’s autobiographyrn(originally in Hebrew), was published in English asrnIn the Grip of Cross-Currents.rnDavid Marshall Williams of Cumberiand County, NorthrnCarolina, was in solitary confinement one day (for fighting withrnhis warden while in prison for shooting a sheriff’s deputy whornwas trying to close down one of several whiskey stills he operated)rnwhen, naturally, his thoughts turned to the question of howrnto make a rifle with a short-stroke gas piston. Later, at the startrnof Worid War II, the United States government asked the samernquestion, and he was ready with the idea for what became thernMI carbine. No less an authority than Douglas MacArthurrncredited American victory in the Pacific to “Carbine” Williams’rninvention.rnDuncan Hines was a slow starter (he worked in the printingrnbusiness until he was 58), but when he found his metier, hernbuilt an empire. His 1935 Christmas card was a list of 160 “superiorrneating places” he had found in his business travels. Wordrnof mouth popularity encouraged him to publish it as Adventuresrnin Good Eating in 1936. Lodging for a Night followed,rnthen others. By 1948 he was selling 250,000 books a year andrnhis name was a household word signifying quality and integrity.rnOnward and upward from there, he formed a food company licensingrnthe Duncan Hines label and an institute to publish hisrn26/CHRONICLESrnrnrn