Although Professor Black does notnmake this point, the sociological modelnof law is always the norm, while thenjurisprudential model is the exception.nIn Western societies, law was nothingnbut a seamless fabric of myth, religion,ncustom, and power until the 11th century.nThe great revolution in law begannthen when academic lawyers worked tonestablish a system in which legal outcomesnwould not...

Political Man is rewarded for high timenpreference. Examples range from thengovernment bureaucrat to the commonnthief.nSmith’s greatest achievement is tonshow how government intervention innthe economy lowers the social rate ofntime preference and thus leads to bothnincreased poverty and cultural breakdown.nThe more Political Man growsnin social significance relative to EconomicnMan (as happens with governmentninterventions), the higher thensocial...

passion as did Michelet.” For anneighty-year-old scholar to say this is tonshow a historian’s virtue: the love of hisnsubject. In this case the love transcendsnscholarship, since it is addressed to annation — a fine lesson for the objectivenchroniclers, whose objectivity beginsnwith statistics and usually ends in ideologicalnallegiance. In the next few yearsnEuropean historians will be...

I read David Lavender’s book on Lewisnand Clark. I hope I don’t trivializenthe two men by saying they would havenbeen ideal subjects for a good four- ornfive-part Disney serial. They were castnin the heroic mold and, therefore, werenperfect for that kind of presentation.nLavender is, in the words of one critic,nthe “ultimate authority” on Lewis andnClark....

God, “this mortal life also; the bodynthey may kill, God’s truth abidethnstill!” That attitude made the blood ofnChristians seed, in Tertullian’s memorablenmetaphor. “Do not fear thosenwho kill the body, but are unable to killnthe soul,” Christ said; “but rather fearnHim who is able to destroy both soulnand body in hell” (Matthew 10:28).nChristian liberty is more...

The Vocation of a Teacher:nRhetorical Occasions, 1967-1988nby Wayne C. BoothnChicago: University of Chicago Press;n353 pp., $24.95nThe treason of the teacher of English:nthat is the principal subjectnof Professor Booth’s discourses over twonturbulent decades in the academy. Dr.nBooth, a temperate rhetorician, doesnnot call this dereliction of duty “treason.”nYet he makes it clear that a greatnmany college professors...

Gilbert Murray, OM. 1866-1957nby Sir Duncan WilsonnOxford: Clarendon Press;n488 pp., $49.95nJ.G. Frazer: His Life and Worknby Robert AckermannCambridge: Cambridge UniversitynPress; 380 pp., $39.50nWilliam Butler Yeats’s picture ofnthe scholar is not a pretty onen(“All cough in ink. All wear the carpetnwith their shoes.”) and literature doesnnot give us many scholarly heroes. Mostnliterary pedants are like George...

The Democratic Imperative:nExporting the AmericannRevolutionnby Gregory A. FossedalnNew York: Basic Books;n293 pp., $19.95nWniinhen a term has become sonuniversally sanctified as ‘democracy’nnow is,” wrote T.S. Eliot inn1939, “I begin to wonder whether itnmeans anything, in meaning too manynthings: it has arrived perhaps at thenposition of a Merovingian Emperor,nand wherever it is invoked, one beginsnto look for...

The Politicsnof a Deathnby Donald W. TreadgoldnStalin and the Kirov Murdernby Robert ConquestnNew York: Oxford University Press;n164 pp., $16.95nIt is difficult to think of a case comparablento the murder of Sergei MironovichnKirov. Here one of the top leadersnof a great country was killed—mostnprobably by the wish of the supremendictator, the murder being used as fullnor...

and did not refer to the Kirov murder innhis memoirs. Since then Roy Medvedevnhas declared Stalin’s guilt “almostnproved” and Fyodor Burlatsky, writingnin a collective volume entitled Proryvn(1988), declared outright that Kirovnwas removed by Stalin. (The Englishntranslation, Breakthrough, published innNew York by Walker, has merely thatnKirov and others “were executed”nwithout saying by whom.)nReviewing Ulam’s novel in...

ing footnotes. Speaking of the city’snnew buildings, the text says: “Theirnornamentation is surely excessive, withnstrange, twisted ornaments on theirnroofs and parapets.” Footnote: ” ‘Whatnare these ornaments for?’ someonenasked Lechner. ‘Who will see them?’n’The birds will see them,’ Lechnernanswered.”nThere is a wild indulgence in literaryndiction, as in “The year 1900 wasnthe noon hour of Budapest, even...

you so that you had to build outnprotections for yourself with moneynand men, deploying arrnament, buyingnalliances, patrolling borders, as in anstate of secession, by your will and witnand warrior spirit living smack in theneye of the monster, the very eye.”nDutch comes to his meet end: Billy,nthe capable and flexible boy, survivesnand thrives. Abbadabba Berman taughtnhim...

objective: containment was, or nationbuilding,nor winning hearts and minds.nAnd in the Army this meant thatnwarriors were no longer required, exceptnin limited roles. Officers werenmanagers, and soldiers were only requirednto go through the motions ofndoing their jobs.nThis wasn’t Hackworth’s way. Thenbattlefield taught him some quick andnbloody lessons, some of which werensurprising — “Tuy Hoa proved to...

OPINIONSnGood as Goldwynnby George Garrettn’They designed an entire solar system in just six seconds. It took God six days, ifnyou believe the Old Testament.”n— Gene Roddenberry in an interviewnGoldwyn: A Biographynhy A. ?,cott BergnNew York: Alfred A. Knopfn580 pp., $24.95n* ^ T t’s not his life, it’s a fairy story,”nJ. wrote John Dos Passos of...

Novel Ideasnby Thomas McGoniglenEvery Man a Kingnby Bill KauffmannNew York: Soho Press;n229 pp., $17.95nThe Twenty-seventh Citynby Jonathan FranzennNew York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux;n517 pp., $19.95nEmperor of the Airnby Ethan CaninnNew York: Harper & Row;n179 pp., $7.95 (paper)nGeek Lovenby Katherine DunnnNew York: Alfred A. Knopf;n348 pp., $18.95nNniinigger” is the word upon whichnBill Kauffman balances andndances his...

could see the tips of my father’snshoes. I was sixteen years oldnand waiting for the next thingnhe would tell me.nThen he thought: What cannyou do? These are clouds abovenus, and below us there is icenand the earth. He said, “I give.”n* * *nDespite all science, I think wenwill never understand thensadness of certain notes.nMy hand...

effective — and then, once built, producenonly excuses for the continualnfailure to generate the benefits estimatednto flow from it.nThis volume. The Arkansas: AnnAmerican River, is a highly personalnview of a waterway of vital importancenalorig its 1,460 miles. It supports agriculturenand wildlife; it gives aestheticnpleasure to those who view it at RoyalnGorge and at other scenic...

nie BuUough document the ubiquitynand diversity of prostitution, tracing thenpractice from ancient Mesopotamia toncontemporary America. In some ancientncultures — in both Greece andnBabylon, for instance — certain types ofnprostitution were not only accepted, butnwere practiced within temple walls. Yetnmost recorded societies, including thenEgyptian,’Roman, Hebrew, and Oriental,ndistrusted the secular prostitute andntreated her as an outcast, a...

beehive is not a useful paradigm for anhuman world. But we can learn fromnthe bees. The bees have the instinctualnequipment and the inherited biologicalnmeans of sustenance and defense. Wendo not, and this bears on “the significancenof continuity and tradition innhuman life. . . . Constancy must bencreated and incessantly recreatednthrough the formation and maintenancenof institutions...

tn.,- j ^ . . . – – -nThe Other Path: The InvisiblenRevolution in the Third Worldnhy Hernando de SotonNew York: Harper & Row; 261 pp.n$22.95nAlthough subtitled The InvisiblenRevolution in the Third World,nHernando de Soto’s The Other Path isnas much revelatory as revolutionary.nFor one who has grappled with thenproblems of Third World development,nseeking to define...

The Soviet Union andnRevolutionary Warfarenby Richard H. Shultz ]r.nStanford, CA: Hoover InstitutionnPress; 283 pp., $25.95nSpetsnaz: The Inside Story of thenSoviet Special Forcesnby Viktor SuvorovnNew York: W.W. Norton & Co.;n213 pp., $17.95nFor 40 years two topics have dominnated popular discussions of internationalnconflict. The first is the specternof nuclear war and the danger that anynUS-Soviet confrontation will...

Blaming AmericanFirstnby Michael WardernThe Survival of the AdversarynCulture: Social Criticism andnPolitical Escapism innAmerican Societynby Paul HollandernNew Brunswick, NJ: TransactionnBooks; 299 pp., $27.95nPaul Hollander is dogged, if notndownright mulish, in his intellectualnfocus. As is the case in Soviet andnAmerican Society and his celebratednPolitical Pilgrims, this collection ofnpreviously published articles and reviewsnexplores the perceptions andnbeliefs of American...

ment is now compatible with “a reasonablyncheerful personal dispositionnand the untroubled enjoyment of thenavailable pleasures of life: material, social,naesthetic.” As these alienated folknlook to Gorbachev’s recasting of thenLeninist blueprint, they sympatheticallynsee the hardships he faces as henexorcises the Stalinist demon of terrornand the Brezhnevian demon of stagnation.nEvery current Soviet evil is excusednbecause of the difference...

A CulturalnCincinnatusnby David R. SlavittnFirst and Last Wordsnby Fred ChappellnBaton Rouge and London: LouisiananState University Press; 57 pp.,n$13.95 cloth; $6.95 papernThere are passages, even wholenpoems in Fred Chappell’s newncollection for which there are clearlynprecedents in, or one might say kinshipsnto, the work of other poets. The urbanenchattiness of “Subject Matter,” for instance,nmakes no bones about...

to their home worldnWith pleasant report: LeavenEarth alone, it is at peace.nBut he goes on immediately to say:nAlways the Poet knew it wasn’tnthat way.nTotalnWar throughout the globe,njustice and injusticenConfounded, every sort ofnknavery, the plownDisused unhonored, the farmernconscripted and his scythenStraitly misshapen to makena cruel sword.nAnd later, he makes his point with morenanimus:nSuch slaughter, they say,nmanures...

the referees at the University of NorthnCarolina Press had been more vigilant.nCicero, young and old, knew, as didnJefferson and Adams in their correspondence,nthat freedom and characternare indissoluble. Without .one, thenother soon vanishes. James May hasnreminded us vividly how both elementsnworked together in the life of a greatnman to create great literature.nE. Christian Kopff teaches Greek...

tions of established Jewry.nMost important for those who arenconcerned with preserving traditionalncultural values, Members of the Tribenassures us that, far from being anachronistic,nMiddle-American Jewry is alivenand well. May it continue to prosper.nElliot C. Rothenberg is president ofnthe North Star Legal Foundation andna past national law director of thenAnti-Defamation League.nBy Blab Befuddlednby Bryce J. ChristensennBy Silence...

son’s analysis is any consideration ofnhow the extirpation of religion fromnpublic life has helped cause sexualnabuse. Since the media have collaboratednwith government in the secularizationnof public life, an analysis of thisnquestion would require more selfscrutinynthan most journalists can manage.nYet recent work by Yale historiannJohn Demos indicates that the place ofnreligion in a society may affect...

Parting the Waters: America in thenKing Years, 1954-63nby Taylor BranchnNew York: Simon & Schuster;n1064 pp., $24.95nMagisterial works of history arenalmost always informed by antragic sense of life. Some recall epochalntransformations that were as lamentablenas they were inescapable. Still othersndramatize the clash of two valid, butnirreconcilable, principles. Among thenlatter, certainly, are the best recreationsnof our own...

Those WhonCan’t Do . . .nby Jacob NeusnernProfscam: Professors and thenDemise of Higher Educationnby Charles J. SykesnChicago and Washington, DC:nRegnery Gateway; 304 pp., $18.95nIwanted to hate this sustained attacknon the academy, which condemnsneverything to which I have dedicatednmy life, but I loved every word. Thisnman is a truth-teller, therefore he isnshrill, obnoxious, abusive, aggressive,noffensive, and...

mencement address you’ll never hear.”nIt was an invented, undeliverablenspeech: “We the faculty take no pridenin our educational achievements withnyou. We have prepared you for a worldnthat does not exist, indeed, that cannotnexist. You have spent four years supposingnthat failure leaves no record.nYou have learned at Brown that whennyour work goes poorly, the painlessnsolution is to...

phor not just for the political camps,nbut for the entire Soviet Union, more,nfor the entire Communist system. Then”perpetual lies” about the Communistnideology, the Soviet constitution, thenSoviet peaceful intentions . . .nZhKh-385/3. That’s the officialndesignation of our camp. Whatndo the letters “Zh” and “Kh”nstand for? Why, the Russiannwords for “Railway Property.”nThat’s because, officially, therenare no concentration...

A Bright Shining Liarnby Russ Braleyn’To be engaged in opposing wrong affords but a slender guarantee for being right.”nA Bright Shining Lie: John PaulnVann and America in Vietnamnhy Neil SheehannNew York: Random House;n861 pp., $24.95nAquarter century has gone by sincenDavid Halberstam, foreign correspondentnfor The New York Times,nwon a Pulitzer Prize that he saidnshould have gone...

Going Beyond Tinknand Tanknby Paul RamseynNew and Selected Poems,n1942-1987nby Charles Edward EatonnNew York, London, Toronto:nCornwall Books; 318 pp., $28.50nCharles Edward Eaton, in New andnSelected Poems, as elsewhere, is anremarkable poet, a fine metrist andnstylist, and a close disciple of WallacenStevens in artistic skill and finesse asnwell as in theory and topics. Many anpoet who buys...

verse, unrhymed iambic pentameter, isnas fine as any modern blank verse Inknow, its variations speaking theirnchanges with a greater precision andnfeeling because of the strictness.n”Suit of Light” is a simple narrative,nelaborately performed and achieved. Anman stands looking at a white carpet innthe sunlight through the windows andnsees colors, including reds, in it—andnhe imagines a savage...

of his pen led to a widespread late-nVictorian belief in an advanced, andnperhaps dying, Martian civilization.nMost other astronomers saw no signnof the canals. Lowell’s observationsnwere attributed to his expectations andna psychological tendency of the mindnto connect real points with imaginarynlines when the eye is working at thenlimit of its resolution.nBecause professional astronomersndid not accept Lowell...

precise as water when water wishes tonperform both in and out of light. Let itnlie hidden in my eye, I thought, herntiny spirit, buoyant in the excessive saltnof that dead sea . . .”nIt is Suleri’s contention that “therenare no women in the Third World,”nand my assumption that this is onenreason why she has written...

cracy, and lacked our means of rapidncommunication, the settled consensusnof the older members of the Senatenmight be overturned by the exigenciesnof active warfare, or the glory-seekingnof a general out of reach of easyncommunication. As someone who hasnlived in Italy for many years, I knownhow easy it is to plead the unreliabilitynof the Italian mail in...

which the cardinal helped prepare.nAnd they, both see capital punishment,nabortion, and euthanasia as part of thendangerous and growing “ethic ofndeath.”nHentoff is impressed with the cardinal’snpersonal strength of character, hisnsensitivity toward others, and his openness,nwhich, to Hentoff, symbolizes thengreatest aspect of the post-Vatican IInChurch. Still, Hentoff devotes the firstnand last chapters to agitating for furthernliberalization. Every...

in August 1984. In Jamestown, Pennsylvanianin 1985 the intercom systemnannounced a Soviet attack on annAmerican ship, a civics lesson “tonmake the kids consider the implicationnof an international crisis in a morenrealistic way,” John Chancellor ofnNBC commented.n”Experts” blame this fear on thensituation, not on activist groups. RobertnJ. Lifton of Yale came close to relatingnteenage suicide to...

the risk of pantheism inherent in thenbelief that “nature incorporates wisdom,npurpose and beauty” and thatn”ethics . . . can look to nature for anfoundation of its principles.” Naturalnevidence of God’s goodness and gracendoes abound, yet believers also detectnin nature the effects of the Fall, sonmemorably described by Milton:nEarth felt the wound, andnNature from her seatnSighing...

In Search of anBiblical Philosophynof Politicsnby E. Calvin BeisnernBeyond Good Intentions:nA Biblical View of Politicsnby Doug BandownWestchester, IL: Crossway Books;n271 pp., $19.95nJust what is a truly Christian, ornbiblical, view of politics and government,nand what difference does it makenfor public policy?nDoug Bandow, senior fellow at thenCato Institute, treats this and manynother questions with a fresh perspective.nNot...

Inside the National SecuritynCouncilnhy Constantine C. MengesnNew York: Simon & Schuster;n418 pp., $19.95nThe Presidency and thenManagement of National Securitynby Carries LordnNew York: Free Press; 207 pp.,n$22.50nFrom the elevation of arms controlnto the opening of talks with thenPLO, the course of American foreignnpolicy in recent years has led some tonwonder why Ronald Reagan was oncenconsidered such...

Red Calypsonby Geoffrey WagnernChicago and Washington, DC:nRegnery Gateway; 264 pp., $12.95nGrenada’s Communist interiudenhas become the subject of annintense postmortem by scholars of varyingnideological hues. Historically, thensmall island is destined to be a symbol ofnthe Reagan years. However much thenUS intervention of October 25, 1983 isnvilified by the left, objective observersnwill remember it as the only...

The Letters of T.S. Eliot:nVolume I, 1898-1922nedited by Valerie EliotnSan Diego, New York, London:nHarcourt Brace Jovanovich;n639 pp., $29.95n^ ^ T think one’s letters ought to benX about oneself (I live up to thisntheory!) — what else is there to talknabout? Letters should be indiscretionsn— otherwise they are simply ofEcialnbulletins.” So T.S. Eliot remarked tonhis Harvard...

Tell Them WhatnThey Want to Hearnby Kenneth McDonaldnPeace With Freedomnby Maurice TugwellnToronto: Key Porter Books; 249 pp.,n$24.95nUnremarked by commentators onnCanada’s federal election last Novembernwas the performance of candidatesnfor the Communist Party of Canada.nTo qualify for national status, anparty must field candidates in 50 ridings,nwhich the CPC manages to dondespite a singular lack of voter support.nOut...

surdity or its real operational intent cannbe understood. . . . The peace ideologynsupplies answers to all questions,nand it gives them within a frameworkndevoid of visible foreign influence. It is,napparently, a homespun, good, cleannCanadian connection.”nThat perception, more than anynother feature, distinguishes the ideologynof the Canadian peace movementnas a masterpiece of Soviet propagandanand deception. “Backed by...

marks.” It also means that in Character,nGail Sheehy is talking to herselfnand the approximately two hundrednother people across America who considernit “not only useful but essential”nto know what went through MichaelnDukakis’s mind when he “first realizedn[he] wouldn’t grow up to be a giant.”n(And while we’re at it, will someonenexplain to me why serious, successfulnmen, while...

walked before him, during our firstnnational catastrophe, when the futurenmadhouse was a hospital for Unionnsoldiers (“Bearing the bandages, water,nand sponge . . . “).nHowever hard Pound tried to writenin the Dantean tradition of comedynand paradise, the times would permitnof nothing short of Apocalypse —nApocalypse therefore discounted, especiallynby those happy to be living innthis Age of...

another. Those writers who are comfortablenwith themselves think of it as anconversation in a pleasant and shelterednspace, maybe with a bar and angood library and pleasant nooks fornchatting with friends. But it can also bena club of the other kind, a bluntninstrument to beat enemies over thenhead with — and this was, clearly, hownPound saw...