EDITORrnThomas FlemingrnEXECUTIVE EDITORrnScott P. RichertrnSENIOR EDITOR, BOOKSrnChilton Williamson, Jr.rnASSISTANT EDITORrnJeffrey Thomas KuhnerrnART DIRECTORrnH. Ward SterettrnDESIGNERrnMelanie AndersonrnCONTRIBUTING EDITORSrnKatherine Dalton, Samuel Francis,rnGeorge Garrett, Paul Gottfried,rnPhilip Jenkins, J.O. Tate, MichaelrnWashburn, Clyde WilsonrnCORRESPONDING EDITORSrnJanet Scott Barlow, Bill Kauffman,rnDonald Livingston, William Mills,rnWilliam Murchison, Andreirnhlavrozov, Jacob NeusnerrnFILM EDITORrnGeorge McCartneyrnFOREIGN AFFAIRS EDITORrnSrdja TrifkovicrnLEGAL AFFAIRS EDITORrnStephen B. PresserrnRELIGION EDITORrnHarold O.J. BrownrnEDITORIAL SECRETARYrnLeann DobbsrnCIRCULATION MANAGERrnCindy LinkrnPUBLISHERrnThe Rockford InstituternA publication ofTlie Rockford Institute.rnEditorial and Advertising Offices:rn928 North Main Street. Rockford, IL 61103.rnWebsite: V”\AV.cbronicIesmagazine.orgrnEditorial Phone: (815)964-5054.rnAdvertising Phone: (815) 964-58H.rnSnbscnption Department: P.O. Box SCO,rnMount Morris, IL 61054. Call 1-800-S77-5459.rnU.S.A. Newsstand Dish-ibution by Eastern NewsrnDistributors, Inc., One Media Wav, 12406 Rt. 250,rnMilan, Ohio 44848-9705.rnCopyright ‘•,’) 2000 b’ llie Rockford Institute.rnM rights reserved.rnChronicles (ISSN 0887-5731) is publishedrnmonthk’ for $39.00 (foreign subscriptions add $12rnfor surface delieiv, $48 for Air Mail) per ear byrnTlie Rocktbrd Institute. 928 North Main Street.rnRockford, IL 61I03-706I. Preferred periodicalrnpostage paid at Rockford, IE and additional mailingrnotfices. POSTMSTER: Send addressrnchanges to Clironicles, P.O. Box 800,rnMount Morris, 11. 61054.rnThe views expressed in Clironicles are thernauthors’ alone and do not necessaril)’ reflectrnthe views of The Rockford Institute or of itsrndirectors. Unsolicited manuscripts cannot bernreturned unless accompanied b’ a self-addressedrnstamped envelope.rnChroniclesrnVol.24, N(i,^ St;ptcniber ZHOUrnPriiik’cl in the’ I’nilcd States of Anieri^-:irnPOLEMICS & EXCHANGESrnOn The Culture of CritiquernI thank Paul Gottfried for a generally accuraternand positive review of my book,rnThe Culture of Critique (“A Race Apart,”rnOpinions, June). Nevertheless, there arerna few issues that bear discussion, the mostrnimportant of which is the role of Jewishrnorganizations and intellectuals withrnstrong Jewish identifications as agents ofrnchange in the cultural transformationsrnthat have occurred in Western societiesrnover the past 50 years, hi general, Jewishrnintellectual and political movementsrnwere a necessary condition for thesernchanges, not a sufficient condition, asrnGottfried suggests. In the case of U.S.rnimmigration policy, there simply werernno other pressure groups pushing for liberalizedrnimmigration during the periodrnunder consideration (up to 1965). Moreover,rnI do not assume that these movementsrnare part of a monolithic Jewishrn”conspiracy”; my argument is that thesernmovements were dominated by individualsrnwho identified themselves as Jews andrnwho viewed their intellectual and politicalrnactivities as advancing specific Jewishrninterests, especially the eradication of antisemitism.rnGottfried attributes the sea change inrnimmigration to “a general culturalrnchange that beset Western societies andrnwas pushed by the managerial state.” Irnagree that multiethnic immigration resultedrnfrom a general cultural shift, butrnwe still must develop theories for the originrnof this shift, and Jewish intellectualrnand political movements were a necessaryrncondition. Fundamental to thisrntransformation was the decline of ethnicrnconsciousness among European peoples.rnIt is fascinating to contrast the immigrationrndebates of the 1920’s with those ofrnthe 50’s and 60’s. The restrictionists ofrnthe 20’s unabashedly asserted the right ofrnEuropean-derived peoples, who colonizedrnand created the political and economicrnculture of the country, to maintainrnit as their possession.rnBy the 1950’s (and certainly by thern60’s), it was impossible to make such assertionsrnwithout being deemed not only arnracist but an intellectual Neanderthal.rnSuch assertions conflicted with thernBoasian wisdom that genetic differencesrnbetween peoples were trivial and irrelevant;rnthey conflicted with the Marxist beliefsrnthat all peoples were equal and thatrnnationalism and assertions of ethnic interestsrnwere reactionary; they vererndeemed a sure sign of psychopathologyrnwithin the frameworks of psychoanalysisrnand the Frankfurt School; and theyrnwould have been regarded as the babblingsrnof country bumpkins by the NewrnYork intellectuals who spouted variants ofrnall these ideologies from prestigious academicrnand media institutions. Therernmay, indeed, have been other forces thatrnrelegated such a mindset to the politicalrnand intellectual fringe —Gottfried mentionsrnliberal Protestantism and the managerialrnstate—but it is difficult to understandrnthe effectiveness of either of theserninfluences in the absence of the Jewishrnmovements I describe. The rise of a deethnicizedrngentile managerial elite —exemplifiedrnby Bill Clinton —that rejectsrntraditional cultural institutions and is interwovenrnwith a critical mass of ethnical-rn!}• conscious Jews is an important fact ofrnour current political life. The rise of suchrnan elite is hardly an inevitable consequencernof modernization or any otherrnforce I am aware of Such de-ethnicizedrnmanagerial elites are unique to Europeanrnand European-derived societies;rnthey are not found elsewhere in thernworld, including highlv developed nationsrnsuch as Japan and Israel and the undevelopedrnnations of Africa.rnThere is little doubt that there is somethingrnabout European cultures thatrnmakes them susceptible to the movementsrnI discuss. I think there is real valuernin Gottfried’s suggestion that Protestantrnculture —particularly its emphasis on socialrnguilt — provides a uniquely fertilernground for the movements I discuss. Butrnit is noteworfli}’ that the cultural shifts underrnconsideration have also occurred inrntraditionall}’ Catholic countries, such asrnFrance and Italy, where Protestantismrnhas not been a factor.rnThere are a few other minor issues Irnmight quarrel with. Gottfried claims thatrnintermarriage occurred frequently in pre-rnRabbinic Judaism and that my views onrnJewish rejection of exogam) are inappropriaterngeneralizations from restrictionsrnon the Kohanim (i.e., the priestly caste).rnIt is true that Solomon and other Israeliternkings had children by foreign concubines.rnHowever, the offspring of these relationshipsrnhad a separate status within Is-rn4/CHRONICLESrnrnrn